The study is to clarify the status of SPORT AND the needs of Urmia citizens to SPORTs spaces. The research was conducted as a descriptive survey AND field. The population of the investigation was ALL over 20 yearold Urmia citizens who had at least a high school degree AND 368 samples were chosen based on a Morgan.To collect the data, a questionnaire assessment of citizens in public SPORTs- by Majid Heydari Chrudeh (1390) - with reliability a=0.72 was used. This research is descriptive AND inferential statistics (t-test AND test, regression analysis multiple, Friedman test) was used. The results showed that, given the amount of F, there are significant differences (P<0.05) between the components of research among the citizens in terms of revenue (F=23.40), regional (F=6.82) AND education (F=23.04). Also according to the t, there is not any significant differences (P<0.05) between the components of research among employees in terms of marital status (t=-1.76). Yet on the demographic characteristics gender (t=4.78) difference is significant. Friedman test results showed that the unevenness of the sidewalks AND running the first priority, AND the lack of space FOR families AND not enough space FOR seniors to second AND third, respectively the needs of the citizens. ThereFORe, it can be concluded that the authorities should adequately note about the result of the research in the field of SPORT FOR the development of quantitative AND qualitative health of citizens apply.

The purpose of this study was to measuring the outcome of privatization of the SPORTs FACILITIES on various aspects of SPORT FOR ALL AND championship SPORT in Kermanshah province. Methodology based on collecting data AND purpose was respectively, mixed (qualitative-quantitative) AND applicable. The population was faculty members of the SPORTs management, managers AND staff of the Kermanshah SPORTs AND Youth Department, heads of SPORTs boards, SPORTs elites AND coaches. A Purposeful sampling was used. FinALLy, 150 people answered the questionnaires. The instrument was researcher-made questionnaire that developed using exploratory factor analysis, 67 items in eight outcomes, in the FORm of, “ lack of developmental AND productivity programs in different aspect of SPORT” , “ unclear the rules AND regulations in the process of assigning SPORTs FACILITIES” , “ Non-accountability of managers of SPORTs AND youth departments AND heads of SPORTs boards” , “ lack of management, planning AND supervision” , “ negative moral, cultural AND legal consequences” , “ Negative social AND educational consequences” , ” lack of comprehensive support FOR various aspect of SPORT” AND “ low SPORT capitation AND lack of hardware FACILITIES” were categorized. Instrument reliability using Cronbach's alpha FOR the eight components were between 0. 85 to 0. 93. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used FOR construct validity using LISREL software. The results of this study showed that ALL fitness indicators of the model related to the outcome of the privatization of SPORTs FACILITIES on the different dimensions of SPORT FOR ALL AND championship SPORT in Kermanshah province were suitable AND approved the model.

Objective: purpose of this study was identification AND analysis of motivational indicators FOR SPORT expenditures (time AND money).Methodology: The research method was descriptive, analytical AND a combination of quantitative (questionnaire) AND qualitative methods (Semi-structured interview) AND was completely practical. The statistical population was 156 people consist of the SPORTs science professors in the state universities, Azad AND Payam Noor, managers, assistants, experts in the General Directorate of SPORTs AND Youth AND also the General Department of Education, SPORTs AND Youth of Urmia AND finALLy physical education expert’s teachers. The statistical sample was also estimated based on the total number AND non-rANDom method. The validity of the researcher's questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors of the central research center. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was an acceptable value of 0/84. The data were analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, factor analysis test AND one-sample t-test, AND finALLy with the Friedman AND Chi-2 test.Results: The findings of the research showed that the most important influencing indicators in the SPORT expenditures was intra-personal factors (mental-attitude, health, cognitive-knowledge AND planning-targeting factors) AND extra-personal factors (social-cultural, economic factors, FACILITIES AND equipment, legal AND finALLy media AND advertising).Conclusion: The consequence of paying attention to intrapersonal AND intrapersonal factors, will including: increases health, creates an active AND healthy lifestyle, returns investment AND reduces the cost of treatment AND finALLy develops citizens' SPORTs participation.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different culture mediums based on the Walne medium on the growth rate, chemical composition, AND fatty acid (FA) profile in I. galbana AND N. oculata. This experiment was done in a factorial design with two culture media (Walne AND modified Walne media) AND two microalgae species, including I. galbana AND N. oculata. The results showed that the modified culture medium increased total AND daily fresh AND dried biomass production of I. galbana AND N. oculata. Modified culture media increased crude fat (CF) AND crude protein (CP) content AND total AND daily lipid production in both the studied species. However, in both the studied culture mediums, N. oculata had higher growth AND production perFORmance compared to I. galbana. Modified growth media also affects the FA profiles of the studied microalgae species. Total saturated AND unsaturated FA content was not influenced by the growth medium but modified media increased poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) at the expense of mono unsaturated FA (MUFA). Omega- 3 FA content (linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was increased as a result of the medium modification in both species. However, linoleic acid content was affected differently in I. galbana AND N. oculata. The linoleic acid concentration was reduced in modified medium grown N. oculata but increased in I. galbana. Palmitic acid AND stearic acid contents were also decreased in both of the studied species in the modified medium. This study develops microalgal cultivation using a modified Walne medium FOR higher CP, CF, EPA, DHA contents, the ratio of omega3: omega6 FA, AND biomass production in N. oculata AND I. galbana microalgae.Microalgae species can produce oil AND protein in non-cultivable lANDs, reducing the need FOR defrosting AND can have an important role in reducing carbon foot-print of animal production. One of the most valuable products of microalgae is their oil, which ranges from 20 to 50% of the dry weight of microalgae (Brennan AND Owende 2010; Leonga et al. 2018). The I. galbana is often grown on farms to produce oils that contain large amounts of PUFA rich in omega-3 long chain FA, such as EPA AND DHA (Gouveia et al. 2008). Species of the genus N. oculata are also known to be rich in EPA (Kagan et al. 2014; Borges et al. 2016). Factors such as nutrient quantity AND quality, light, pH, turbulence, salinity, AND temperature are the most important parameters on which, the growth of microalgae depends (Lavens AND Sorgeloos 1996; Converti et al. 2009; Emmanuel AND Nelson 2016). Vitamins regulate biochemical reactions in microalgae (Hakalin et al. 2014) AND the growth rate of some microalgae species is highly dependent on some the vitamins such as cobalamin, biotin AND thiamine (TANDon et al. 2017). However, the effect of vitamins on the growth, diversity, AND productivity of microalgae has been poorly studied (Arif et al. 2019). The effects of different Nitrogen AND phosphorus concentration as the main limiting nutrients on growth perFORmance AND biomass production of I. galbana AND N. oculata had been evaluated previously (ANDersen 2005; Zarrinmehr et al. 2020). However, there was not any report about effects of modifying the availability of culture medium sources of nitrogen AND phosphorus. In the composition of the Walne medium, No3-, Po4-, AND Cl- are considered as anions, AND Na+, Mn+, Co+, Zn+, AND Cu+ are considered as cations. Cations chelating anions AND making them less available to microalgae. So, we hypothesize that changing the concentration of cations in the culture media, without increasing the concentration of N AND P sources, will change the availability of anionic compounds FOR microalgae AND consequently affects microalgal production AND composition. ThereFORe, the effects of lower levels of cations including ZnCl2, CoCl2. 6H2O, (NH4)6Mn7O24, AND CuSo4. 5H2O AND higher levels of B1 AND B12 vitamin in Walne medium on the growth rate, biomass production perFORmance, chemical composition, AND fatty acid profile of I. galbana AND N. oculata, were investigated in this study. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different culture mediums based on the Walne medium on the growth rate, chemical composition, AND fatty acid (FA) profile in I. galbana AND N. oculata. This experiment was done in a factorial design with two culture media (Walne AND modified Walne media) AND two microalgae species, including I. galbana AND N. oculata. The results showed that the modified culture medium increased total AND daily fresh AND dried biomass production of I. galbana AND N. oculata. Modified culture media increased crude fat (CF) AND crude protein (CP) content AND total AND daily lipid production in both the studied species. However, in both the studied culture mediums, N. oculata had higher growth AND production perFORmance compared to I. galbana. Modified growth media also affects the FA profiles of the studied microalgae species. Total saturated AND unsaturated FA content was not influenced by the growth medium but modified media increased poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) at the expense of mono unsaturated FA (MUFA). Omega- 3 FA content (linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was increased as a result of the medium modification in both species. However, linoleic acid content was affected differently in I. galbana AND N. oculata. The linoleic acid concentration was reduced in modified medium grown N. oculata but increased in I. galbana. Palmitic acid AND stearic acid contents were also decreased in both of the studied species in the modified medium. This study develops microalgal cultivation using a modified Walne medium FOR higher CP, CF, EPA, DHA contents, the ratio of omega3: omega6 FA, AND biomass production in N. oculata AND I. galbana microalgae.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors AND barriers to participation in SPORT FOR ALL AND recreation SPORT in Turkish, Kurdish AND Lor provinces of Iran. This study was a descriptive survey. The statistical population consisted of ALL Turkish, Kurdish AND Lor citizens in Iran (N=19105933). 3000 subjects were selected as the sample by stratified rANDom sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data; its face AND content validity was approved by some professors AND its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach alpha (α =0. 725). FinALLy, 2826 questionnaires were collected. The results showed that the main factors of participation in SPORT were “ vitality in SPORT” , “ SPORT proportionality with age AND health” AND “ SPORT in the nature” . Also, the main barriers to participation were “ lack of time” , “ lack of SPORT FACILITIES” AND “ lack of motivation” . It seems that despite economic problems AND health threats due to motor deficiency, the government should ALLocate a greater share to recreational SPORT FOR ALL SPORT in these provinces so that it can play a significant role in improving public health.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chALLenges of implementing Clause 88 (privatization of SPORT FACILITIES) in city SPORTs. The participants of this study were 76 SPORT experts working in youth SPORT organizations in Ardabil province, Iran, AND the heads of the SPORT departments. The present research was an applied one AND in terms of data collection, descriptive-analytical method conducted in the field type. The instrument which had been used FOR measuring data was researcher- made questionaries distributed in a cross-sectional way among statistical population in 2014. Descriptive statistics were used FOR data analysis; AND factor analysis was used to determine the importance of each factor. The results of the study indicated that administrative chALLenges of the clause 88 in city SPORTs are managing, sociocultural AND legal barriers, respectively. Each of these factors were divided into sub-categories AND by using factor-analysis process, priority of each of them was determined.

The purpose of this study was Study ChALLenges Structure of SPORT in Iran. The research method was analytical descriptive AND in terms of the purpose, it is an applied study. Methods of data collection include library research, Delphi method AND finALLy a researcher made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by professors AND specialists in the field. Reliability by Cronbach's alpha Measured, The statistical population of the study consisted of managers of the Ministry of Youth AND SPORTs, AND the executive directors of National Olympic Committee AND Academy Directors, heads of federations AND faculty members. In this study, the sample was determined as equivalent to the research population AND by counting ALL. Out of 302 questionnaires sent to members of the research population, 238 questionnaires were filled (79 percent). FOR data analysis, descriptive statistics AND inferential tests including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, comparison of the mean of the population (one sample t-test) AND Friedman's analysis of variance were applied. The results showed inner AND environmental chALLenges each part of Structure SPORTs (educational SPORTs, SPORTs FOR ALL, championship SPORTs AND professional championship).

The purpose of this study was identified effective factors in developing the culture of SPORT FOR ALL. This research is a type of applied research, which was conducted in a descriptive, analytical manner, AND field-based. The population of the study consisted of 800 experts AND managers AND practitioners of SPORT FOR ALL in the country. 260 individuals were selected as the sample using the Morgan sample size table. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated (0. 912). To prepare the questionnaire, 48 questions were identified in 8 areas by expert interviews, which were classified by exploratory factor analysis AND appropriateness of the appropriate study fields in 35 fields AND 7 domains. The factors ranking was perFORmed by Friedman Ranking Test. The results of the research showed that the factor of principles AND structure was the most important factor in the development culture of SPORT FOR ALL. SPORT FOR ALL education was ranked second. This article adds to the necessity of education in order to develop the culture of SPORT FOR ALL in the country. The development of the culture of SPORT FOR ALL will be a process of time requiring the authorities' determination. Accordingly, the development of the culture of participation in SPORT FOR ALL should be further addressed in the country's large scale SPORTs plans, AND this should be pursued with earnestness.

The prevalence of Covid-19 has played an important role in constructing of physical AND social SPORTs spaces AND the nature of participation in SPORTs has changed. This study was intended to analyze active levels of SPORT participation in Iran during the outbreak of Coronavirus. This was a qualitative study. Data were collected using interview AND observation methods AND analyzed by thematic analysis. “ Regular participation” , “ irregular participation” AND “ elite level participation” were extracted as three main themes from the classification of meaningful patterns of actors. Their main categories are " exercise simulation at home", " pretend consumption of exercise" AND "social responsibility", respectively. Important data were also obtained from analysis the active levels of participation in SPORTs (educational SPORTs, recreational SPORT AND SPORT FOR ALL, championship SPORTs AND professional SPORTs). The main theme at the level of educational SPORT was "uncertainty” ; sub themes include: “ content distribution" "geographical gistribution ", “ inherently passive “ AND “ Marginal position “ . At the level of recreational SPORT AND SPORT FOR ALL the main theme was " evolution " with sub themes: "exercise in isolation", "eliminate of SPORTs entertainment", "background limitations on participation" AND "Change in access to education AND training. Also at the level of championship AND professional SPORTs were “ functional chALLenge" with sub themes: "show AND self-expression” , “ identity chALLenge", "advertising AND sales” . The effects of this period on participatory levels in SPORTs require in-depth analysis over a longer period of time. Although elimination of physical exercise spaces has led to a lot of sedentary in the short range, but it has provided opportunities FOR communication between levels of participation FOR review by SPORTs researchers, which can contribute to more sustainable participation at the grassroots level.

The objective of this study was to identify AND rate the most important structural factors influencing popularity of recreational SPORTs in Iran. This study was perFORmed consecutively using the exploratory mixed method in a quantitative AND a qualitative phase. In the first stage, the targeted sampling method AND the snowbALL sampling method were used to select 28 experts at recreation SPORTs in Iran.InFORmation on these experts was gathered through depth interviews. Next, data from twenty eight interviews was encoded AND analyzed in three steps based on the Grounded Theory. As a result of grouping the data, seven effective structural factors were identified. In the second stage, a questionnaire was designed on the basis of previous findings AND the research literature. After examining AND confirming the psychometric features of the questionnaire, it was distributed among 301 experts, managers AND researchers active in the field of public SPORTs in Iran. The respondents were selected using the stratified sampling method AND questionnaires were collected following completion. Afterwards, a hierarchical regression analysis was perFORmed considering the predictor path coefficients so as to determine structural effective factors in the order of significance. These factors included the following: organizational media, financial resources, rules AND regulations, human resources, equipment AND infrastructure, technology AND partner organizations.Research results reflected the importance of organizational media, financial resources, AND rules AND regulations in providing a structure suitable enough FOR popularity of SPORTs in Iran.